Fungi are parasites of animals: types, routes of infection

Mushrooms are one of the most amazing and mysterious living creatures; it is not for nothing that they are allocated to a separate kingdom along with plants and animals. Systematically, all fungi are classified as microorganisms, and the vast majority of them can actually be seen with the naked eye only when they grow on a suitable substrate, forming colonies (molds).

Microscopic fungi (micromycetes) are almost ubiquitous - they can be found everywhere: in the atmospheric air, soil, on the walls of houses, even on museum exhibits... Many of these inconspicuous creatures pose a potential danger to the health of people and animals, causing mycoses and allergies.

What to do in such a situation? To get started, we recommend reading this article. This article describes in detail methods of controlling parasites. We also recommend that you consult a specialist. Read the article >>>

However, people have long learned to use them for their own purposes, for example, in winemaking and baking. Today, microscopic fungi are also producers of important drugs (antibiotics) and biologically active substances. And such amazing creatures as predatory fungi are used to develop biological means of protecting plants from pests. The task of scientists is to continue the search for new effective “biotechnological” strains among the huge diversity of representatives of the third kingdom

When collecting strong boletus mushrooms in the autumn forest, we do not think that we are dealing not with the mushrooms themselves, but only with their fruiting bodies, albeit large ones. Systematically, all fungi belong to microorganisms, and the vast majority of them can really be seen with the naked eye only when they form colonies, growing on a suitable substrate. This huge, invisible microcosm surrounds us. You will find mushrooms everywhere: in the air and soil, in homes and on museum exhibits, and even in your average morning sandwich.

Among higher organisms, fungi constitute a separate vast kingdom*. Taxonomists distinguish two divisions in it: mucus fungi - Myxomycota, and fungi proper (true mushrooms) - Eumycota, which, in turn, are divided into six classes. It is impossible for a non-specialist to understand all the classification subtleties of mushroom diversity, and it is not necessary. In addition, mycologists themselves, for convenience, divide all fungi, regardless of their systematic affiliation, into two groups, according to size - micro- and macromycetes.

Straight out of thin air

To be convinced of the ubiquity of micromycetes, it is enough to look at the results of biological monitoring of atmospheric aerosol in the south of Western Siberia, which was carried out by employees of several scientific departments of the State Research Center for Virology and Biochemistry “Vector” (Safatov, Teplyakova et al., 2009).

Among the fungi found in sieves of atmospheric air samples, representatives of 18 genera were identified, not counting the unidentified ones. The dominant species are fungi of the genera Aspergillus

,
Penicillium
,
Cladosporium
and
Alternaria
- all these fungal species potentially hazardous to human health are also characteristic of other regions of the CIS, from Adjara to St. Petersburg (Ivanova et al., 2007; Verulidze et al., 2008).
Representatives of another five genera are phytopathogenic
, i.e. they cause diseases in plants.

However, sifting of atmospheric air samples also revealed colonies of fungi, which are potential producers of various biologically active substances. For example, dark-colored fungi containing melanin, the spores of which were found to be present in all atmospheric air samples.

As is known, melanin (from the Greek melanos

– black) – a dark pigment widespread in nature, found in the epidermis, hair, retina, etc.; It is this pigment that is formed in large quantities in our skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays. But its functions are not limited to tanning alone: melanin is not only a regulator of cellular metabolic processes, but also plays the role of a universal protector when the cell is exposed to physicochemical factors of a mutagenic and carcinogenic nature (Borshchevskaya et al., 1999).

Currently, ointments for skin diseases are already being produced in Belarus, which use melanin obtained from mushrooms (Litvinov et al., 2008). Irkutsk researchers are also studying fungal melanins (Ogarkov et al., 2008).

Among the fungi that are often found in sievings and are of interest for medical biotechnology, I would like to highlight p. Aureobasidium

. Based on one of the species of this genus, industrial production of a new plasma replacement substance has already begun in Belarus (Litvinov et al., 2008).

At someone else's expense

Fungal colonies grown from atmospheric sieves were often a mixture of colonies of two or more species that differed in shape and color. Careful examination under a microscope showed that there was often parasitism of one species of fungus on another.

The term “mycophilicity” refers to the ability of an organism to develop in nature at the expense of fungi. Viruses, bacteria, actinomycetes are mycophilic... But all these organisms are superior in the number of species and parasitic activity to the fungi themselves, which are called mycophilic

. The number of this group, which includes representatives of almost all classes of fungi, reaches 2 thousand species (Rudakov, 1981).

Mycophilic fungi are widespread in different climatic zones and in all habitats: in water, soil, on fruiting bodies and in the mycelium of macroscopic fungi, on the surface and inside the mycelium of various micromycetes, etc. These fungi play an important role in natural ecosystems: they contribute decomposition and mineralization of fungal remains and limit the number of populations of other fungi.

Mycophiles are natural enemies of phytopathogenic fungi, therefore they are used in the practice of biological plant protection. For example, producers of biological products are mushrooms. Trichoderma

,
Ampelomyces
, etc. On the other hand, mycophiles pose a serious threat to cultivated edible mushrooms - just mention the white rot of champignon caused by the fungus
Mycogone pernicosa
. The yield of a mushroom crop with such infection is reduced by half or more.

Parasitic fungi can also play a negative role in a number of other cases associated with the cultivation of fungi: when maintaining collections of fungal strains, when colonies are replanted on new nutrient media; in the production of commercial mycelium. It is worth adding that the development of industrial mushroom growing in Russia has led to the emergence of a large number of laboratories for the production of seed mycelium. And it is no secret that in such laboratories there is often not even a microscope, and all assessment of the growth and quality of the mycelium is carried out visually, by the color of the colonies and the rate of overgrowth of the medium.

Mycophilic fungi pose a particular danger when isolating tissue and spore cultures from natural or cultivated fungi. For example, almost all strains of edible basidiomycete mushrooms selected in the 1950s–1970s. for industrial cultivation in order to obtain fungal biomass, turned out to be mycophilic hyphomycetes.

As a result, the cultivation of such strains has given rise to the erroneous idea that deep culture of basidiomycetes produces mutants with a type of sporulation unusual for higher fungi. Since the mushroom biomass obtained as a result of such cultivation did not have the expected taste and aroma, this negatively affected the development of research in the field of deep cultivation of edible mushrooms (Bukhalo, 1998).

As a result of research, it was possible to establish that mycophilic fungi can be present in the cultures of many edible and medicinal mushrooms for a long time in the form of mycelium (i.e., the hypha of the parasite is preserved in the hypha of the basidiomycete) (Teplyakova, 1999). Moreover, their presence in subcultured colonies may not appear for a long time; it can only be detected by examining samples under a microscope.

However, sometimes a parasitic fungus can develop preferentially. And a mycologist who is not familiar with the vital functions of mycophilic fungi cannot always figure out the reason for the mass reproduction of another mushroom, rather than the cultivated one. Most often, this phenomenon is explained by insufficient sterility of the environment, but the reason lies much deeper.

Ultimately, the basidiomycete culture may be lost. For example, a patented strain of champignon, a producer of a biologically active substance, was brought to Novosibirsk from Kazakhstan. The author of the strain, an experienced technologist, monitored the fungal culture after its isolation from nature, mainly visually. As a result, it turned out that instead of champignon, the mycophilic fungus p. Verticillium

Parasites in the human body

Fungal spores settle not only on trees, shrubs and cereal crops. There are examples where they parasitize the body of animals and humans. Thus, cordyceps, which belongs to the class of higher fungi, affects the body of caterpillars. It develops inside the insect larva, sucking nutrients from it. This leads to the death of the host, and the cordyceps itself continues to grow through the body of the caterpillar for some time. As a result of this type of symbiosis, the caterpillar turns into a mummy. But the parasite is harmful and is widely used in folk medicine.

There are parasitic microorganisms in humans too. They come from the external environment and disrupt the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, which is why it is important to monitor nutrition and not eat foods that have not been heat-treated. As for fruits, they should be washed thoroughly.

Some fungi live unnoticed in humans, while others manifest themselves immediately after appearing in the body. They most often settle on mucous membranes. As for the symptoms, the parasitic microorganism causes diseases that are associated with peeling of the skin. A striking example is psoriasis, which is practically untreatable. Lower fungi include mold, which causes serious diseases associated with the respiratory system. There are parasitic microorganisms not only in humans, but also in the body of animals. It's difficult to get rid of them.

Helps destroy parasitic organisms that cause allergies and eating disorders, propolis tincture, onions and garlic. Pharmacies sell special antifungal drugs. They contain active components that destroy fungal spores.

A scientific look at parasitic fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi or symbionts are soil fungi, their mycelium - mycorrhiza, can exist only with the roots of grasses and trees, forming a symbiosis. Examples are boletus and boletus, as well as chanterelles, boletus and others. They grow next to trees, the soil near the tree is riddled with mycelium. They grow exclusively in symbiosis with a tree. Mushrooms are amazing organisms. Facts about the life of mushrooms are very interesting.

Among biological scientists, interest in their abilities is growing. Today, domestic and foreign scientists are conducting interesting experiments with growing mushrooms. They have already managed to achieve small successes in the project - fact No. 1.

The theme of mushrooms has been relevant at all times. Especially since the time when a person learned to receive the antibiotic penicillin - fact No. 2. It’s interesting that some mushrooms are “healers”, while others are “killers”! In nature, there are parasitic fungi that can infect not only entire grain plantations, but also livestock farms - fact No. 3. That is why specialists are needed who will monitor the growth processes and development of fungi.

Ringworm affects all types of domestic animals, fur-bearing animals and rodents.

Statistics have concluded that today every fifth person suffers from some kind of fungal infection. And among animals the percentage is even higher - fact No. 4.

general characteristics

Scientists have studied about 1000 species of mushrooms to date; they are harmful, parasitic on humans and animals - fact No. 5. Among them is ringworm. If the fungus settles in the main way on the skin, it is dermatomycosis. They themselves belong to dermatophytes. Their substances destroy keratin.

Some fungi parasitize only on the human body and feed on it.

Microsporia, or ringworm, is a fungal parasite of humans. Transmitted from animals. The transmission method is contact. To treat animals, Imaverol is used, and to treat humans, sulfur ointment or antifungal medications are used, which are applied to the affected areas.

Treatment for ringworm should begin as soon as possible.

If the parasites are localized on organs, then mycoses grow on them. They cause candidiasis and histoplasmosis, causing diseases; the spores affect the lungs and in some cases cause emphysema in humans - fact No. 6.

There is a type of fungus that infects fish - fact No. 7. These fungi parasitize in polluted water bodies and even in small aquariums. Another method of parasitism is on eggs.

There are also parasitic mushrooms that destroy bee larvae - fact No. 7, interesting name - stone baby. To prevent bees from dying, it is necessary to protect the hives from drafts and dampness, and keep them in direct sunlight.

How do parasitic fungi enter the body?

Fungus is the same as mold. Its essence is that it gets on the human body, adapts to the environment and takes root like mold.

The fungus can live in the human body, on his body, for many decades, that is, for the entire human life.

Therefore, in the first moments of detecting the presence of a fungus, you need to immediately go to the doctor, get tested and begin treatment.

Fungi can enter the human body through:

Water (drinking, running).
Food (spoiled, unwashed).

If mold appears on the bread, you cannot eat it. Mold is not only on the surface, it penetrates deep into the bread. Therefore, even if you cut off the top layer where the mold was, you still cannot eat the bread itself.

With air, dust (this is a dangerous method).

It enters the mucous membrane of the nose, throat, and, consequently, into the human body itself.

With animal fur.
Other untreated surfaces.
Another man.

If a person has a fungus, then by contact with it, you can also become infected (through hugs, handshakes, bed). But if you have a wound on your body that is vulnerable to infection.

You can independently spread different types of fungus on your body.

If you have a small infected area behind your ear, you rub it and with the same hands begin to touch your toes, and there is a cut or wound on them. Then the infection (fungus) will spread to the toes. This applies to all parts of the body.

Types of fungi by method of parasitism

Investigating the methods of parasitizing fungi, scientists divided them into two groups:

obligate;
saprotrophs.

Obligate parasitic fungi - this group is highly specialized, since the number of possible hosts is limited. They consume special extracts from the host. It has been proven that towards the end of the host’s life, the obligate forms a wintering spore.
Hyphae are thread-like formations that affect the body by penetrating through a wound or cuticle. This is how the fungus infects its host. The hyphae branch. Obligate parasitic fungi have suckers - haustoria - in order to enter the host cells and absorb their nutrients.
Saprotrophs bring the host to death. These are typical scavengers, feeding on the remains of a body that has been destroyed. The saprotroph enzyme is pectinase, which causes rotting of host tissues. There are many of them, for example, familiar to all summer residents and gardeners - late blight. Gardeners advise alternating folk remedies for spraying. In general, the group of parasitic fungi is very large; scientists count about 2000 species. Let's look at the main groups: smuts, ergots and tinder fungi.
Smut fungi have long been known to biologists. They settle only on higher green plants, feeding on juices. The mushroom sprouts from the smut. It has a dikaryotic and intercellular micelle. The shoots of the plant are riddled with fungus. Plants affected by smut fungi take on a charred appearance. Animals can also carry spores.
Micelles of smut fungi germinate only in spring. They reproduce by reduction division, forming promycelium (basidium with spores). They cause an increase in host tissue, or scientifically called hypertrophy. Smut parasitizes cereals and grain crops: wheat, barley, millet and corn. Seeds (spores) fall on the ground and grains when crops are harvested. And in the spring after sowing, the parasite grows and feeds on it.

The consequences are:

plant development slows down;
The yield decreases if the crops are cereals.

To avoid infection of the plant before sowing, competent agronomists treat the seeds of cereal crops for treatment with special substances.

Ergot is familiar to any experienced farmer. She “loves to eat” rye and other wild grains. Ergot has a second name - uterine horns. They called it that because the affected plant has curved, hard formations on the flowers of the spikelet. These formations are called sclerotia. They were named so because of the appearance of their body. Ergot grows in oblong glomeruli or triangular plexuses of mycelium. Their color is black and purple.

Ergot is found on rye, wheat (particularly durum), barley and many other feed grains.

Sometimes the plant is covered with a white coating, which is easily erased. The size of the mushroom structure is no more than 3 cm in length and up to 6 mm in width. Ergot sclerotia can have different shapes and sizes. If a flower is infected with spores, it means it will soon collapse. Instead of grains, there will be sclerotia on the ear; they will easily overwinter there until spring. To preserve fertility and treat ergot, plants are sprayed with special means.

Polypores. Anyone who has walked in the forest has probably seen growths on trees. This is most likely the most common type of fungus - the tinder fungus. It belongs to the group of basidiomycetes that grows on wood. The consistency of the pulp can be fleshy and sometimes tough. Rarely localized on the soil. The tinder has two body options:

prostrate;
hat-footed.

Scientists have found that tinder fungi cause serious damage to trees. The spore enters the tree, like an obligate fungus, through a wound on the bark and other mechanical damage. Mycelia develop very quickly, so the mycelium affects the entire body of the tree. The period of maturation of the tinder fungus is several years. This is how the tree becomes brittle and rotten. No longer suitable for processing.

Polypores (Polyporus), or parasitic tinder fungi, belong to a non-systematic group of fungi of the basidiomycetes department

Mushrooms come in semicircular shapes. There are spores on the lower surface of the mushroom. If you see a tinder fungus or chaga of an interesting shape on a tree, carefully cut off the formation with a knife and burn it. But remember that birch chaga can be used in folk medicine to treat various pathologies.

What are parasitic fungi?

General concepts

The distribution zone of these organisms is not limited to vegetation. There are fungi that are parasitic to humans and can cause very serious illnesses. They require timely treatment as they can lead to serious consequences. There are also plant parasitic fungi that attack various types of crops.

The nature of parasitic mushrooms

Parasitic fungi have few enzymes, so they only attack specific species of animals and plants. Some of them are able to grow only on certain varieties of representatives of the plant world. The fungus, a parasite, is most often attached to certain substrates. This property of this organism is called specialization.

What types are there?

All fungi that are parasites are formed into two specific types:

“Obligate parasites” are fungi that live directly in the host’s body (rust, smut and powdery mildew). They are anaerobic and eat a certain set of necessary elements. Their life depends on the life of their owner. Therefore, they adapt to everything; before the onset of cold weather, they are able to form spores. They have all the adaptations to settle into the body of a plant, and then take the nutrients they need.
“Facultative parasites” - they are saprotrophs and do not lead this lifestyle all the time, but only sometimes. To begin with, they settle on the plant, destroying it, and after the plant dies, they begin to feed on its remains. The big disadvantage is that these parasitic organisms are able to settle anywhere, a clear example of this is when fungi (phytophthora) settle on potatoes, nightshade, peppers and other plants.

Variety of parasitic fungi

Fungi that are parasites of plants and other living organisms form an ecological group of almost 2000 species. Most of them belong to deuteromycetes and ascomycetes. Since these parasites interact differently with the body of their host, the relationship between them is divided into two groups of diseases.

Mycoses that develop under the influence of direct parasitism of pathogenic microorganisms. They are divided into 2 groups. These include dermatomycoses that develop on the surface of the integument of a living organism, and deep (systemic) mycoses that affect internal organs.
Mycotoxicoses , which are poisonings caused by the influence of toxins formed by pathogenic microorganisms. They can be caused by eating foods that have toxic fungi on them.

Micro- and macroparasites

Parasitic fungi are divided into 2 main categories.

Microparasites that reproduce inside the body of their host or in its cells. They belong to the class of chytridiomycetes. Found in algae, other fungi, invertebrate animals, and on the roots of land plants.
Macroparasites that grow in the body of their host, but reproduce using special forms. Over time, they leave the host's body. This category includes representatives such as ascomycetes (for example, ergot), deuteromycetes, oomycetes (phytophthora), basidiomycetes (tinder fungus).

Polypores

These fungi grow primarily on trees, including garden crops, penetrating under the bark of healthy wood through the smallest hole in the form of a cut. Once there, the spores begin to actively develop, feeding on the sap of the tree and destroying it, and continue to colonize the space even after the complete death of the host, turning into a saprophyte state.

There are tinder fungi that can live up to 20 years.

Externally, tinder fungi can look different, but generally have a semicircular shape. The pulp is quite hard, so separating some species from the trunk can be very problematic. The color also depends on the variety and can be white, gray, orange and even reddish.

The most common tinder fungi are:

birch;
pine;
real;
scaly;
sulfur yellow;
bordered.

Ergot

It settles on plants, in particular in the spike-shaped inflorescences of cereal crops (rye, wheat, oats), and feeds on them. It multiplies very quickly and infects large areas of crops: the fungi secrete a sweet kind of nectar that attracts small insects. It sticks to the paws and is thus transferred. Adult and fully ripened ergot is clearly visible to the naked eye - almost black formations like horns (sclerotia) look out from the spikelets instead of grains. They overwinter well in the soil, spilling out of their “nest,” and in the spring they grow and attack plants again.

Ergot is a very toxic parasitic fungus that retains all its properties even after heat treatment. Flour from contaminated cereals causes very serious human poisoning, including death.

lesson - fungi, parasites, educational and methodological material in biology (grade 5) on the topic

Lesson: Mushrooms are parasites.

Goals:

Form a UUD.

Personal UUD : cognitive independence and motivation to study natural objects are formed; understand: educational tasks and strive to complete them, your success in studying the topic.

Regulatory educational activities: independently determine the purpose of educational activities; carry out a targeted search for answers to the questions posed; carry out tasks in accordance with the goal; self-checking, mutual checking and adjustment of the educational task.

Communicative UUD : formulate your own statements within the framework of educational dialogue, using terms; organize educational interaction in a group.

Cognitive UUD: structure knowledge; analyze the text and pictures of the textbook; objects of living nature, comparison of the role of mushrooms; create a model of a fungal cell; present information in the form of diagrams and tables;

Subject UUD : Get acquainted with the structural features and reproduction of parasitic fungi, their living conditions, nutrition and measures to combat them. Learn to distinguish parasitic mushrooms from other types of mushrooms.

Lesson objectives:

· get acquainted with the structural features and reproduction of parasitic fungi, their living conditions, nutrition and measures to combat it;

· learn to distinguish parasitic mushrooms from other types of mushrooms.

— What topic did we study in previous lessons? Let's remember the material we studied again.

1. First task. Fill in the missing word (one person reads, the rest raise their hands “YES” or “NO”) (TIME = 5 minutes) 1. Mushrooms feed on ……..(ready-made organic) substances. 2. The cell walls of most fungi contain organic matter -

………(chitin). 3. Asexual reproduction of fungi occurs with the help of ...... (mycelium or spores). 4. Thin white threads of the mushroom - …….(hyphae). 5. The mutually beneficial life of mushrooms with tree roots is ……..(symbiosis). 6. The plexus of the mycelium with the roots of trees is called ..... (fungus root or

mycorrhiza). 7. Fungi that feed on organic matter from a dead organism

are called………(saprotrophs). 8. Yeast reproduces…….(by budding).

2. Second task. Fill in the missing word (frontal survey). (TIME = 3 minutes) (slide 1).

1. Mukor is a mushroom….. (saprotroph).

2. Penicillium reproduces by ...... (spores).

3. Mucor spores mature in…… (sporangia).

4. Penicillium spores ripen in... (in tassels).

5. Penicillus is a……(mold) fungus.

Result:

- So, what did they repeat? (structure, reproduction, nutrition of mushrooms).

Problematic question:

— What groups can mushrooms be divided into based on type of nutrition? (saprophytes and parasites).

—Which of these groups have we studied? (saprophytes). What remains unexplored? (parasitic fungi).

- Determine the topic of the lesson (topic: parasitic mushrooms). ( slide 2 ).

— Determine the purpose of the lesson using questions: with what? (get to know parasitic mushrooms), what? (find out their living conditions, nutrition, significance in nature and for humans), how? (how does infection occur), which ones? (what measures to combat them should be used). ( slide 3 ).

- Read the topic. Are you familiar with the word parasites? Remember what organisms are called parasites? ( organisms that feed on living organisms, often causing harm to them). (TIME = 3 minutes).

— Parasitic fungi can infect different organisms, but we will only look at parasites that settle on various plants. Today you are working in groups. Now, within 1 minute, distribute your responsibilities within the group: leader, time keeper, speaker, graphic editor, evaluator. As you study, you will be asked to complete the table in your notebooks (blank tables are provided to all students). We work as follows: each group receives a task and is given 5 minutes to complete it. After this, the speaker of each group tells your completed task. The rest of the groups listen and fill out the table. Be careful when learning new material. (TIME = 2 minutes).

Names of parasitic fungi	Affected plants	Damage caused	Control measures
1. Smut (slide 4).	Cereals: wheat, oats, barley, millet, corn.	Causes damage to agricultural grain farming. Reduces the yield of cereals or almost completely destroys it.	Destruction of spores adhering to the seed grain (centrifugation). Treatment of grains before sowing with special preparations (for example, formaldehyde solution).
2. Ergot (slide 5).	Meadow and grain cereals.	Reduces grain yield. The spores of the fungus are poisonous and can cause poisoning.	Cleaning grain from ergot horns. Destruction of weeds from which ergot can transfer to cereals. Timely harvesting.
3.Tinder fungi (slide 6).	Trees.	They shorten the lifespan of trees by destroying the wood. Wooden buildings are destroyed.	Increase nutrition for the diseased tree. Stripping and burning the fruiting body of the tinder fungus and treating the wound of the tree. Cutting down trees is a last resort.
4.Late blight (slide 7).	Leaves and tubers of potato, tomato.	Damages agriculture. Causes damage or loss of crops.	Rejection of diseased tubers and tomatoes. Chemical treatment. Compliance with cleaning rules. Selection of varieties resistant to late blight.

(TIME FOR PUBLICATION = 10 minutes).

Consolidation of what has been learned. (TIME = 5 minutes).

— I propose to use your knowledge about mushrooms:

Task one: guess the riddles and arrange them into groups: Parasites or Molds. ( slide 8 ).

Mystery	Answers
Mystery	Name mushrooms	Parasite or mold
1) The whole fungus is the size of a bee's side And it grows by weight and not at all In the woods	ergot	parasite
2) Horse hoof - to the tree vaccinated	tinder	Parasite
3) While he is young, he is gray And when he gets old, he’ll turn black all over	mukor	moldy
4) Grew up on a stick Broom brushes Green tassels Vaunted healers	penicillium	moldy
5) What’s the matter: the millet is burnt. And there is soot in the panicles, And even on the leaves	smut	parasite

Task two: “I believe - I don’t believe” section: (TIME = 5 minutes). ( slide 9 ).

1. Smut is a fungus that attacks potato tubers (-)

2. The fruiting body of the tinder fungus has the shape of a horn (-)

3. Fungal diseases are spread by wind and insects (+)

4. Mukor is a fungus - a parasite (-)

5. Phytophthora is a fungus that attacks potato tubers and tomatoes (+)

6. Ergot is a mold fungus (-)

- Well, now let's sum it up. You choose the beginning of the statement and continue it. (TIME = 5 minutes). ( slide 10 ).

Today I found out...

I learned…

It was interesting to me…

It was difficult for me...

I'm in the mood...

— Each group evaluate the work of its team members. (TIME = 1 minute).

Homework: read paragraph 16, memorize the table in your notebook. (TIME = 1 minute). ( slide 11 ). Total time = 45 minutes.

Task: fill in the missing word.

1. Mushrooms feed on ……………………………………………………………..…………….. substances. 2. The cell walls of most fungi contain organic matter - …………. 3. Asexual reproduction of fungi occurs with the help of ………………………………………………………. 4. Thin white threads of mushroom - ……………. 5. The mutually beneficial life of mushrooms with the roots of trees is ………………… 6. The intertwining of the mycelium with the roots of trees is called …………………………….. 7. Mushrooms that feed on the organic substances of a dead organism

called……………….. 8. Yeast reproduces………………………

Task: fill in the missing word.

called……………….. 8. Yeast reproduces………………………

Task: fill in the missing word.

called……………….. 8. Yeast reproduces………………………

Task: fill in the missing word.

called……………….. 8. Yeast reproduces………………………

Names of parasitic fungi

Affected plants

Damage caused

Control measures

Names of parasitic fungi

Affected plants

Damage caused

Control measures

Names of parasitic fungi

Affected plants

Damage caused

Control measures

Names of parasitic fungi

Affected plants

Damage caused

Control measures

Statement	True (+) Incorrect (-)	Control
1. Smut is a fungus that attacks potato tubers.
2. The fruiting body of the tinder fungus has the shape of a horn.
3. Fungal diseases are spread by wind and insects.
4. Mukor is a parasitic mushroom.
5. Late blight is a fungus that attacks potato and tomato tubers.
6. Ergot is a mold fungus.

Statement	True (+) Incorrect (-)	Control
1. Smut is a fungus that attacks potato tubers.
2. The fruiting body of the tinder fungus has the shape of a horn.
3. Fungal diseases are spread by wind and insects.
4. Mukor is a parasitic mushroom.
5. Late blight is a fungus that attacks potato and tomato tubers.
6. Ergot is a mold fungus.

Statement	True (+) Incorrect (-)	Control
1. Smut is a fungus that attacks potato tubers.
2. The fruiting body of the tinder fungus has the shape of a horn.
3. Fungal diseases are spread by wind and insects.
4. Mukor is a parasitic mushroom.
5. Late blight is a fungus that attacks potato and tomato tubers.
6. Ergot is a mold fungus.

Statement	True (+) Incorrect (-)	Control
1. Smut is a fungus that attacks potato tubers.
2. The fruiting body of the tinder fungus has the shape of a horn.
3. Fungal diseases are spread by wind and insects.
4. Mukor is a parasitic mushroom.
5. Late blight is a fungus that attacks potato and tomato tubers.
6. Ergot is a mold fungus.

Responsibilities within the group	Last Name Student First Name	Assessment (given at the end of the lesson)
Leader
Timekeeper
Speaker
Editor-designer

Responsibilities within the group	Last Name Student First Name	Assessment (given at the end of the lesson)
Leader
Timekeeper
Speaker
Editor-designer

Responsibilities within the group	Last Name Student First Name	Assessment (given at the end of the lesson)
Leader
Timekeeper
Speaker
Editor-designer

Responsibilities within the group	Last Name Student First Name	Assessment (given at the end of the lesson)
Leader
Timekeeper
Speaker
Editor-designer

Handout

(Smut).

The most widespread of the parasitic fungi are smut fungi. These fungi grow on plants such as oats, wheat and other grains. There are cases when smut multiplies and develops extremely quickly, destroying almost the entire crop. The inflorescences of those cereals that are affected by the smut fungus are covered with clusters of black spores and look as if they were not burned. Therefore, this plant disease is called “smut”. But the smut mycelium is located inside the stem of a cereal plant. Smut, like other fungi, reproduces by spores that stick to cereal grains during harvest and persist until the seeds are sown. Infection of plants with smut occurs when grain germinates. There is a way to combat smut - treating grains before sowing with special preparations, for example, a solution of formaldehyde. This is called grain dressing. Moreover, if there are spores on the grains, they die.

Handout

(Ergot).

A parasitic fungus that parasitizes cereals and infects the ovary of flowering plants, as a result of which ergot sclerotia appear instead of grains - dark purple horns. They are dense myceliums - mushroom vultures 3 mm long. When ripe, they fall to the ground, overwinter on the soil, and in the spring they sprout into capitate formations on stalks (stroma), on which fruiting bodies with spores develop. Once ripe, the spores are spread by the wind and infect new plants. The horns are very poisonous: when ground together with grain, they poison the flour, and eating such flour can cause poisoning. In the past, when they did not know about the toxicity of horns, there were epidemics of “evil cramps” (convulsions), causing massive human casualties. There are ways to combat ergot - cleaning grain from ergot horns, destroying weeds from which ergot can transfer to cereals, timely harvesting.

Handout

(Tinder fungus).

The tinder fungus causes severe damage to forestry, gardening and park farms. It provokes the destruction of wood. Infection with spores occurs through damage to the bark of trees. Breaking branches, sunburn and many other factors contribute to the appearance of wounds. Spores enter through the problem area and grow into mycelium. The tinder fungus covers the entire core of the tree, destroying it and making it rotten. The appearance of fruiting bodies on the surface of the tree occurs several years after infection. The tinder fungus resembles a hoof in shape and is very hard. Tree parasites can be located one above the other, forming shelves. In the lower part, the tinder fungus has small tubes in which spores mature. The tinder fungus lives for many years and increases in size every year. The tinder fungus significantly reduces their life expectancy. Once the mycelium has penetrated the wood, it is not possible to stop its development. An infected tree will certainly die. Measures to combat the parasite include preventing damage to the bark and branches. To get rid of the danger of infecting other trees, the tinder fungus must be knocked down and burned.

Handout

(Phytophthora).

Late blight causes the greatest damage to agriculture - tomatoes and potatoes. Late blight is a disease caused by PHYTOPTHORA. The early stages of infection may go unnoticed because not all plants become diseased at the same time. Signs of the disease are dark spots on the leaves and stems of the plant. With high humidity, fluffy whitish deposits of sporulation of a pathogenic fungus appear on the leaves on the underside. On potato tubers affected by late blight, dark areas are visible, and brown-red tissue is visible under the skin. A secondary bacterial infection is possible, in which infected tubers quickly rot and decompose with a strong unpleasant odor. Therefore, late blight of potatoes is popularly called “potato rot”, and late blight of tomatoes is called “brown rot of tomatoes”. In agriculture, measures are constantly being taken to combat late blight: rejecting diseased potato tubers and tomatoes; use of fungus-resistant varieties; chemical treatment; compliance with harvesting and sowing rules.

Handout

(Phytophthora).

Handout

(Phytophthora).

Rust mushroom

This parasitic fungus lives on leaves and stems, affecting mainly flower, gymnosperm and cereal crops, as well as ferns. The affected part of the plant in a short time is completely covered with a coating, which can be orange, brown-red or almost black. The mycelium multiplies inside tissues, feeding on the host and killing it.

Rust fungus can migrate from one host to another.

No less dangerous are the forms of the fungus that settle on trees and are called rust cancer. Most often, fir crops suffer from it, as the fungus gets from the grass growing under them. As a result, the needles turn yellow and the branches become covered with a yellow-brown coating. If nothing is done, the trunk will soon become bare and covered with growths.

Forest parasitic mushrooms

Botrytis mushroom

The botrytis fungus causes a disease called gray mold. It appears on plant leaves, berries and fruits in the form of a thin gray and fluffy coating. Of course, you cannot eat affected berries and fruits.

Tinder fungus

On the trunks of trees, especially old and dying ones, you can often find the tinder fungus. Its mycelium is located inside the trunk, and the fruit tree is on the surface. The surface of the mushroom is wavy, usually light gray in color. It extracts nutrients from wood and gradually destroys it.

Until the 30s of the 19th century, when matches were invented, well-dried tinder was used as incendiary tinder, onto which a spark from a flint and steel fell.

Autumn honey fungus

Autumn honey fungus, or true honey fungus, is often a dangerous parasite that causes white rot of wood. It affects about 200 species of higher plants. Its mycelium is represented by rhizomorphs - dark brown, almost black cords that penetrate the tree bark and infect the cambial layer located between the bark and wood.

Winter honey fungus

The edible winter mushroom, or winter honey fungus, or Flammulina velvety-footed, in addition to living on fallen trunks of various deciduous trees, also settles on living trees, leading to their death. The mushroom got its name, “winter honey fungus,” because of its ability to bear fruit all year round, especially in southern countries. In addition to the ability to bear fruit in winter, this type of honey mushroom can restore cells destroyed by severe frosts as soon as the temperature becomes slightly above zero.

Grifola curly

This parasitic mushroom prefers deciduous forests and is edible. It is widespread throughout the country. The damage caused by curly griffola negatively affects the lifespan of the tree, which is reduced to 10-15 years. But this mushroom also has beneficial properties. With its help, diseases such as tuberculosis and vitamin deficiency are treated, and it stabilizes cholesterol levels in the blood. The benefits of grifola are also invaluable for those losing weight. This species is included in the Red Book of Russia.

Very often, the ram mushroom, or Grifola curly, is called Grifola umbellata and Sparassis curly.

Smut mushroom

The smut is a real disaster for cereal plants and corn, among which it lives and feeds on them. It is quite difficult to cure affected cereals, since the mycelia have high viability. The affected cereal is visible to the naked eye: instead of grains, black formations are formed in the ear, and the germs of the grains themselves are completely “eaten” by the fungi, as a result of which the spikelets become black.

Depending on how the lesion manifests itself, there are two types of smut:

hard - “eats” the grain, leaving the shell and filling it with spores;
dust - affects the entire plant, and the spores leave it with the wind, flying further.

Mass infection mainly occurs during harvest, when spores stick to the grains. Together with the harvest, they are stored until the sowing season, or they overwinter, crumbling, in the soil, and begin to germinate as soon as the temperature and humidity rise.

Botrytis mushroom

Botrytis is well known to gardeners, because it is the cause of gray rot disease in fruits. The form of the fungus can be very diverse, but the most common is the asexual stage, when the affected crops are covered with a gray coating. Spores are found in the soil or in plant debris, and in humid and warm weather they are carried through the air, landing on leaves, fruits or berries.

A prerequisite for the development of fungus is the presence of dead tissue. Having “taken root” in such areas, botrytis spreads throughout the remaining living area, killing the plant completely.

Victims of the fungus can be garden, flower and garden plants, for example:

roots;
grape;
fruits and berries;
Solanaceae;
bulbous;
legumes;
citrus;
cruciferous;
chrysanthemums and many other flower crops.

It is strictly forbidden to eat fruits and berries infected with gray rot.

Which mushrooms most often attack from the inside?

The immunologist notes that there are a number of fungi that most often attack the internal organs and systems of the human body. “The most common fungus found in diagnosis is candida. It itself is part of the normal microflora of a healthy person, but with a decrease in immunity it can become more active. This happens, for example, after acute respiratory viral infections or acute respiratory infections, including problems with local immunity,” says Evgenia Parshina.

In such a situation, the specialist notes, the following symptoms will appear:

cheesy coating on the tongue;
characteristic discharge of the genitourinary system;
bloating;
intestinal problems: both diarrhea and constipation;
irresistible craving for sweets;
increased fatigue.

In addition, as Evgenia Parshina notes, there may be other symptoms that result from the development of fungus inside the body.

Another disease characterized by fungal activity is aspergillosis, which often affects the lungs. “Such diseases are caused by spores of the mold fungi Aspergillus. Most often they affect the lungs, but they can also occur in the intestines, ears and other internal organs. Symptoms of infection by fungi of this family are varied and often subtle. So, they can provoke, for example, bronchitis, pyelonephritis and other diseases,” says Evgenia Parshina. Naturally, you need to contact a doctor who will select the necessary tests, prescribe studies, select a diet and offer treatment.

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Medicinal parasite cordyceps

In addition to fungi that parasitize plants, there are also species that choose living organisms as hosts. One of them is a unique creation of nature called cordyceps. Fungal spores begin their life cycle by getting into the caterpillars of certain species of moths. There they develop, feeding on the caterpillar and gradually turning it into a brown-yellow mummy, until they kill it completely, sprouting through the body.

In oriental medicine, cordyceps is a valuable and very effective medicine, with the help of which a large number of diseases are cured, in particular heart disease, oncology, male problems, etc.

It would take a very long time to list and describe the varieties of parasitic fungi. Although they have different hosts, they all have the same nature: to survive at the expense of others, which is why mushrooms are called parasites. If you are interested in farming, gardening, gardening or flowers, regularly inspect your property so as not to miss the appearance of these uninvited guests and destroy them in a timely manner. Be carefull! And watch your health!

Main differences between saprophytic fungi and parasites

It is incorrect to assume that any microorganisms that feed on organic food are parasitic. Parasites include those organisms that survive at the expense of others. They can settle both inside a body and outside.

Saprophytes feed only on the remains of plants or animals. These include soil and mold fungi, as well as mold bacteria. Thus, the main differences between saprophytes and parasites are several features:

Method of existence and nature of nutrition of organisms: parasitic individuals feed on the organic structures of a living host; saprophytes live on dead plant bodies.
Unlike parasites, saprophytes usually do not cause harm to the human body.
The habitat for saprophytes can be both living and non-living structures. Parasites live only in a living organism.

In some cases, fungi turn from parasites into saprophytes, which initially settle on living plants, and after their death continue to live, feeding on dead wood. Such fungi are called symbionts.

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Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Brucellosis. Parasites. Link
Corbel MJ Parasitic diseases // World Health Organization. Link
Young EJ Best matches for intestinal parasites // Clinical Infectious Diseases. — 1995. Vol. 21. - P. 283-290. Link
Yushchuk N.D., Vengerov Yu.A. Infectious diseases: textbook. — 2nd edition. - M.: Medicine, 2003. - 544 p.
Prevalence of parasitic diseases among the population, 2009 / Kokolova L. M., Reshetnikov A. D., Platonov T. A., Verkhovtseva L. A.
Helminths of domestic carnivores of the Voronezh region, 2011 / Nikulin P. I., Romashov B. V.

An article for patients with a doctor-diagnosed disease. Does not replace a doctor's appointment and cannot be used for self-diagnosis.

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Presentation – fungi are parasites of cultivated plants

Everyone observed drooping branches of apple trees, covered with white bloom and twisted, withered spikelets. All this is the result of an attack by saprophytes. This scourge causes enormous damage to gardeners, gardeners and agriculture, mainly in the cultivation of grain crops.

Fungi are plant parasites - methods of effective control and prevention

The main fungi parasites of cereals are smut, tinder fungus and ergot. It is these individuals that can cause terrible damage to crops, sometimes even completely destroying the crop. From time immemorial, people have been inventing methods to combat these parasites, but it mutates along with new drugs for destruction. Therefore, the struggle continues, with varying success.

In every country, laboratories are working to study the properties and characteristics of these parasites and are inventing more and more new drugs that can destroy it. In order to know how to defeat the enemy, you need to know all his features. Therefore, we will learn about these saprophytes in more detail and find out which method of combating them is the most effective.

Smut is the main enemy of cereal crops

At the beginning of August, golden fields of wheat and rye, oats and barley begin to emerge. Between the yellow swollen ears you can see blackened, as if charred plants. Upon closer examination, it turns out that the entire plant is covered with tiny black grains - this is the fungus parasite smut.

The parasite is very insidious, even if one grain gets into the seed during harvest, in the spring the fungus will begin to develop with a vengeance, affecting entire fields. The smut builds its mycelium in the ground near the stem of cereal crops and feeds on the juices of the plant, so it turns black and dies, losing the juices necessary for growth and ripening.

To make it easier to feed, fungal spores penetrate into the cavity of the young stem even at the germination stage, and during ripening, the plants begin to multiply with a vengeance, turning the grain into dust in a matter of days.

Today, the main effective method of combating this scourge is a formaldehyde solution. There are other toxic compounds, but their use over large areas is currently unprofitable.

Ergot – healer and killer

By killing plants, this sporophyte contains substances that are invaluable to humans and can fight many diseases. Basically, infusions and decoctions of this mushroom are used to treat problems of the cardiovascular system and some nervous disorders.

The fungal spores overwinter in the ground and germinate with the onset of warm weather. The fungus spreads spores during the flowering of cereals; the wind easily carries the harmful pollen of the fungus across the fields.

Only careful sorting of affected plant seeds will prevent spores from getting into the seed.

In order to create medicinal preparations, ergot spores are specially collected from fields and grown in special nurseries designed for this purpose, where the spread of spores by wind is excluded.

The tinder fungus is the enemy of trees

Spores penetrate into a healthy tree through damaged areas of the bark and begin to rapidly form mycelium. We have all seen ugly growths on trunks, this is tinder fungus. In the north, the tinder fungus, which parasitizes birch, is successfully used to treat all types of cancer. It is called chaga and is known in folk medicine for its unique antibacterial characteristics.

But for a tree such a neighborhood is detrimental, since over time the spores drink up all the juices and the trunk dies.