Features and habitat
There are insects in the world that everyone knows about. And these include small parasites - annoying mosquitoes that fly everywhere in the summer: in nature and in cities, especially accumulating near water bodies, recognizable by everyone by their monotonous and irritating buzzing.
The mosquito insect belongs to the phylum arthropods, the family of dipterous insects. The length of its thin body ranges from 8 to 130 mm. Color can be gray, brown and yellow. There are green and black varieties. As you can see in the photo of the mosquito , its abdomen is elongated, its chest is much wider, and there are two claws at the end of its legs. It has two pairs of scaled, transparent wings.
But for flight, the mosquito uses only the front wings, while the hind wings are called halteres, which help maintain balance in the air and create the sound characteristic of this insect. The mosquito has long antennae and a proboscis, special oral organs: case-like lips and thin needle-like teeth, as well as two pairs of jaws, which are underdeveloped in males.
There are many varieties of mosquitoes. They are distributed throughout the world and inhabit all continents, penetrating and taking root even in unsuitable territories, except Antarctica. The common mosquito is especially famous, which can be seen in all places where there are people.
Mosquitoes are able to survive even in the Arctic, but they are active there only for a few weeks a year, and during this time they breed and multiply to incredible numbers. In Spain and nearby countries, such parasites are called “mosquito”. Translated, this word means: small fly. In these parts, insects are terribly annoying and annoy people intolerably.
Often human hostility is caused by insects similar to mosquitoes . These creatures sometimes look really scary, having a long body, which in some cases can reach six centimeters, a frighteningly shaped chest and huge legs.
Fear is also heightened by the fact that many people mistake them for malaria mosquitoes. But it could just be a long-legged mosquito. The insect is completely harmless, is not interested in human blood, but feeds on nectar.
[edit] Varieties
The mosquito will drink your blood, %username%!
For biologists, mosquitoes are divided into simple and malarial (for details, see pedivikia), for the average person - into urban, rural and forest. More details:
Village mosquitoes
- stupid kamikazes, whose goal is to drink a little blood before dying and die, fly straight to the target and immediately dig into it.
They always attack in crowds/swarms, so that at least one of them drinks blood and has time to escape. Forest mosquitoes are the worst enemy of excavators. The mosquito sucked the blood
Forest mosquitoes
- the same as the village ones, only the swarm is larger, the size is larger, the needles are longer, the bites are more painful, and in general you won’t always kill them with the first bang. They love to attack a person who happens to be at least a kilometer away from some swamp, and calmly devour him right through his clothes. There is also their terrible subspecies “Far Eastern Forest Mosquito”. They fly against the wind, and when you take off your pants, your ass is guaranteed to stick around in a split second.
City mosquitoes
, they are also apartment dwellers - found in apartments, private houses, alleys. Unlike their village and wild relatives, they have intelligence and special abilities:
- They try to attack only at night, one or two at a time, while the rest sit behind cabinets and under sofas; they can also attack computer bitards during the day, flying out of the darkness of a dusty system unit, sharply biting and flying back.
- They are devilishly picky: they can buzz in their ears for hours, choosing a place to bite, then bite lightly, come to the conclusion that it is not tasty, choose a place for a long time again... And so on all night.
- They are distinguished by much higher flight speed and much better reaction. According to these parameters, they are comparable to flies!
- When a victim, awakened by a mosquito squeak or a sudden scratch, turns on the light to catch the sleep intruders, he discovers that mosquitoes have much more superpowers: a sudden fall from the wall on which he had just been sitting in a position convenient for striking, behind the cabinet/behind a sofa where you can’t get it anymore
- teleportation (sudden disappearance and appearance in another place)
- building a flight path according to Brownian motion
- invisibility (just a sudden disappearance, of course, until the food goes to bed again)
- enchanting resourcefulness (they know how to hide in the recesses of the palm when slammed and carry out maneuvers that even Chkalov would envy, for example, crawling into a millimeter gap between the hand and the pillow without damage)
- the ability to maneuver in a very tight space - if a mosquito is covered with a blanket, it will rush between the body and the blanket for a long time, emitting a very loud squeak at almost ultrasonic frequencies. And there is a high chance that he will find a way to get to freedom!
- calling for reinforcements or self-cloning (even after killing all ten mosquitoes in the room, turning off the light and falling asleep, you will hear pleasant sounds again)
- dying revenge (when the insect no longer has a choice, it explodes at the moment of death, staining the hunter with its own blood). And what’s even worse, when you hit a mosquito with all your FIERCE RAZID HATE, a bright and colorful reminder of the biting creature remains on the wall. In this case, you should not smear the mosquito with your finger/rag, etc., but arm yourself with tweezers or fingers, peel off the corpse of the unlucky flyer from the wall and feed it to the spiders. Then wet the cotton wool with a solution of hydrogen peroxide and carefully squeeze a drop of the substance onto the wall. With a hiss, a drop of blood will dissolve, leaving water on the wallpaper, which will evaporate on its own.
There are serious suspicions that an ordinary mosquito has turned into an urban super mosquito literally before our eyes (since the 18th century). He even got his own name: Culex pipiens pipiens
forma
molestus
. And the person who created excellent conditions for mosquitoes is to blame for this metamorphosis. For the first time, urban mosquitoes were registered as a special form, different from the usual one, in Leningrad in 1939-1940. During the war, their study continued, and they were identified as a special intraspecific form.
For example, in warm, damp basements they can reproduce all year round if there is something for their larvae to eat there. To do this, wastewater from the house sewer or sunlight must enter the basement. Smoke the law of conservation of energy and the ecological pyramid. For wastewater from rusty pipes in the basement, thank the local plumber, housing office, or the goons of the HOA board. In the sewer water of a Moscow basement, well seasoned with shit, there can be up to 2600 - 3600 mosquito larvae per square meter of water surface. However, in Syktyvkar there were 30,000 larvae per square meter. The density of adult mosquitoes on the walls reaches 2000 heads per square meter. And everyone wants to eat!
In distant hot countries, mosquitoes breed wherever you can find even a little standing water. One species, for example, is bred only in puddles that are left in the tracks of elephant feet. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, it happened that in hospitals somewhere in Africa, to protect against crawling insects and other rubbish, the legs of the beds on which the sick lay were placed in bowls of water. Crawling reptiles like ants and bedbugs really didn’t get through, but the malarial mosquitoes thanked the perspicacious killers in white coats: they bred right in these bowls, hatched and immediately received a tasty meal, without leaving the cash register.
City mosquitoes have several wonderful features compared to forest mosquitoes. Firstly, the peculiarity of sex. Forest mosquitoes are big fans of group orgies: for normal sex they need swarming (only males swarm!), and the male from the swarm comes to a passing female. City mosquitoes can fuck without swarming, so they can be reared in small cages. And secondly, a property called autogeny: the female lays the first clutch of eggs without drawing blood. Forest mosquitoes and other free-ranging mosquitoes can hardly do that. And city mosquitoes can produce up to three generations in a row without a single sip of blood, in a tightly closed basement. Of course, they become much smaller and become much angrier than their great-grandmothers, but the fact itself is important here: it’s possible without blood! And finally, the urban mosquito does not have diapause - there is no hibernation in its life cycle, and in the basement it is summer all year round.
City mosquitoes are friendly with Murphy's Laws, so you:
- Walking to the switch in the dark to turn on the light, you are sure to trip over a strong stool or hit the leg of the sofa with your big toe, just as you have a chance to bang your head into the door.
- You have a chance to break the glass of a brand new bookcase with a fly swatter or knock a cup/mug/monitor/piggy bank/etc. onto the floor. P.
- Accidentally, with all the stupidity, charge the splash to his wife sleeping next to him.
- You definitely won’t get enough sleep, but the next morning you have an important report at work/exam/date/16 hours of work/writing an article on Lurkomorye about mosquitoes—but your head can’t think straight;
- If there is the smallest hole or defect in the window mesh, it uncontrollably turns into a semi-permeable membrane, transparent to mosquitoes from the outside and, even better than Zugunder, retaining them from the inside - and your house becomes a haven for mosquitoes for the whole summer.
Long-legged mosquito (lat. Tipulidae), scary, but harmless to humans
But long-legged mosquitoes
, those same huge mosquitoes, which are sometimes unknowingly called “malarial”, despite their creepy appearance, do not bite at all and feed on nectar or other plant foods. So it goes.
Life cycle
The lower part of the eggs is equipped with a special “hatch”. After 2-8 days, larvae emerge from the clutch. They need to gain strength and grow up. To do this, the newborn bloodworm feeds on protozoa, single-celled algae and bacteria. The body length of the larvae is only 1 mm. In the tail part there is a breathing tube with which they pierce the surface of the water and absorb atmospheric air. How many legs does the squeak mosquito have in its larval stage? Yes, they simply don’t exist! The slightest threat - and, wriggling its whole body, the bloodworm will hide in the water column.
In three weeks, the larva goes through 4 stages of molting. Their body increases in size to 8-10 mm, lengthening 8 times. After such metamorphoses, which are also accompanied by internal changes, pupae appear. They are sometimes called “devils” due to the presence of two respiratory processes in the head. Externally, the bloodworm looks like a tightly coiled worm, reminiscent of a comma.
The next stage of development ends in a week. Having shed the skin of the pupa, the mosquito spreads its wings and takes flight.
Character and lifestyle
The mosquito is distinguished by great endurance and high mobility, being able to fly a distance of one kilometer without landing. But this is rarely required, only in cases where an insect has to move to another populated area or cover the length of a reservoir.
This is mainly necessary for female mosquitoes who are looking for a means to drink blood in order to leave offspring. Males, on the other hand, can live their entire lives on a lawn rich in grass and flowers, without having to fly away anywhere.
Individuals that are born at the end of summer, if they are lucky enough to survive, hibernate, while being in a state of torpor. To do this, select suitable premises: storerooms, basements, cattle pens. They wake up when they feel warm.
Even if during a frosty period you bring a mosquito into a room where the heating is on, it can come to life and begin its life activities. But in countries with a tropical, humid and warm climate, mosquitoes are active throughout the year.
In some cases, mosquito bites can even be life-threatening, because they are often carriers of various infections, such as malaria and yellow fever. And if the vaccine is not administered in time, the disease can be fatal.
However, in our time, cases of malaria are extremely rare. Mosquitoes can ruin any summer outdoor vacation. It's hard to describe how these annoying insects keep you up at night. Mosquito control is carried out using a variety of methods.
But unfortunately, not all of them achieve the desired effect. However, there are also effective mosquito repellents . These can be aerosols, plates, sprays, lotions, spirals and bracelets. Special devices have also been developed to repel parasites. They make subtle sounds that imitate the squeak of males in times of danger, which causes the females to immediately fly away. This is an electronic mosquito repeller.
Parasite bites often cause unpleasant irritations on the human body, which are essentially an allergic reaction to the poison that gets under the skin. Nowadays, pharmacists have developed excellent remedies for mosquito and insect bites. Ointments help fight symptoms, which often manifest themselves as itching, swelling and inflammation.
When do mosquitoes appear and disappear?
Some mosquitoes can hibernate and wake up as the weather gets warmer. In other species, overwintering larvae begin to hatch in the spring. The optimal temperature for them is +10℃ at night. And the hotter it gets, the more insects become active. Peak mosquito activity is in the summer months.
Mosquitoes begin to disappear when the temperature at night drops to +10℃. Wintering species are in search of shelters. When the first sub-zero temperatures arrive, the mosquito season finally ends.
Mosquito on melted ice
Due to the small weight of the insect, the wind creates serious obstacles for it. Thanks to the wind, mosquitoes can travel longer distances faster. But most often it serves as a hindrance. For example, a mosquito cannot stay on a surface (including human skin) if the wind force reaches 10 meters per second.
Interesting fact : if the weather suddenly gets warmer during the cold season, mosquitoes may come out of hibernation, but then disappear again when the weather gets colder.
Since there are many natural areas in Russia, mosquitoes can appear and disappear at different times, depending on the region. For example, in the south they become active in March, and in the north only in June. The same applies to the duration of the active lifestyle of insects.
Interesting: Why do mosquitoes bite and why do their bites itch? Description, photo and video
Nutrition
Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects . But only mosquitoes drink the blood of animals and humans. And it is they who attack and annoy warm-blooded animals. Males are rather harmless creatures, and their vital activity is almost invisible to humans.
And they feed on nectar, absorbing it with their proboscis, which, unlike the proboscis of females, does not have a piercing apparatus capable of piercing flesh. They stay away from people and are not at all interested in their bodies. Everyone knows that a mosquito is a harmful insect . And not only because it spreads the infection.
Swarms of mosquitoes can suck up to a third of a liter of blood per day from the body of a warm-blooded animal. The main victim of mosquitoes is humans. But the insects themselves and their larvae are a tasty treat for many living creatures. These include dragonflies, frogs and toads, some types of beetles, spiders, chameleons and lizards, as well as salamanders and newts.
Fish and many species of waterfowl feed on the larvae of these parasites, thereby helping to kill insects. Mosquitoes , thanks to such natural reasons, really become significantly smaller.
Why does a mosquito bite itch?
The cause of itching lies in the composition of the female's saliva. It contains a protein that causes allergies in the body and the corresponding symptoms: redness, swelling, itching.
Interesting: Colored moths - interesting facts, photos and videos
Mosquito bite mark
During the first bite, such phenomena may not occur at all, since the body is not yet familiar with proteins of this type. Experts also believe that gradually one becomes accustomed to the bites and they become almost invisible. Some people who are particularly sensitive to mosquito saliva may experience a more severe allergic reaction.
Types of mosquitoes
Of the more than 3 thousand species of mosquitoes, the most widespread is the common mosquito - that same annoying insect whose squeak is familiar to everyone since childhood.
Common mosquito
This is one of the species of the genus of true mosquitoes. The second and very apt name of the insect is the squeak mosquito, which was widespread throughout the world during the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
These are small mosquitoes, 3-8 mm in size. Males drink plant juices, females also feed on nectar and juices to maintain life, and when bearing offspring, they chase people and animals. Females lay eggs in gutters and holes, flooded basements, ponds and other bodies of water. The larvae feed on aquatic vegetation and decomposed organic matter.
Squeaks belong to the category of epidemiologically significant insects, carrying meningitis, Japanese encephalitis and avian malaria - a dangerous animal disease.
Squeak mosquito, or common mosquito (lat. Culex pipiens).
Mosquitoes are biting
An extensive genus of mosquitoes, including about 700 species. These are small insects that are more often found in the tropics and subtropics, near human habitations, although they are common throughout the entire range of mosquitoes.
A distinctive feature of the biters is the thin white stripes decorating the body and legs. These mosquitoes bite no harder than their relatives, and the generic name translated from Greek means vile and disgusting. Biters carry dangerous diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever.
The yellow fever mosquito belongs to the genus Biting mosquitoes.
In the larval stage, biting mosquitoes feed on algae and various microorganisms. Having pupated, they rise to the surface of the water and after 2 days they turn into an adult mosquito.
Malaria mosquitoes
Another name for insects is anopheles, which is translated from Greek as worthless and useless. Malaria mosquitoes live everywhere except Antarctica and carry Plasmodium falciparum, a single-celled parasite that causes malaria.
In appearance they are very reminiscent of ordinary mosquitoes, but differ in some characteristic features.
The hind legs of the malaria mosquito are much longer than the front ones, so it sits with its butt raised, while a real mosquito sits straight or vice versa, with its abdomen lowered. The second feature of the malaria mosquito is a pair of long antennae, like the sting.
Anopheles stephensi malaria mosquito.
Bell mosquito
A harmless insect, also known as the mosquito mosquito. Lives everywhere, gravitates to damp, low-lying places. The dances of a whole host of mosquitoes can be observed on warm evenings in summer and autumn. Twitch mosquitoes are usually yellowish-green or brown, do not harm humans or animals, and live for about 2-5 days.
Bell mosquito.
Swamp mosquito
Due to the close connection of insects not only with moss swamps, but also with flooded meadows, they are often called meadows. They are not interested in blood; what swamp mosquitoes feed on in nature is the juices and nectar of field plants.
Mosquito species Limonia nubeculosa.
Centipede mosquito
There are about 4,200 species of the family of long-legged mosquitoes found in the world; their second name is caramory. These are mosquitoes, ranging in size from 2 mm to 10 cm, unpleasant to look at, but completely harmless. Their characteristic feature is extremely long limbs with clearly visible processes (spurs).
Most species of centipedes are often mistaken for giant mosquitoes or ordinary mosquitoes, but there are very original species that cannot be confused with other insects. For example, the decorated ctenophora, also known as the festive centipede, has an unusual black and yellow body color.
Another representative of the family is a harmful centipede, which, although it does not feed on blood, in the larval stage causes serious damage to agriculture, gnawing roots, bulbs and even low-lying leaves of plants.
Centipede mosquito.
How does a mosquito bite?
Before biting the victim, the mosquito must find it. His sense of smell is responsible for this process. There are 72 types of receptors located on the insect antennae. At least about 30 of them are able to recognize various substances that are present in the sweat of humans and animals.
Mosquitoes are able to distinguish the movement of an object in space. When the insect approaches, we hear an annoying buzzing sound. This sound occurs due to very fast and frequent flapping of the wings. Mosquitoes bite more actively at night.
The female mosquito plunges her proboscis into the hole she made.
Having discovered the victim, the female sits on the surface of the skin, clinging to it with her claws. She then easily pierces the skin using her sharp jaws. The proboscis plunges into the hole. But before sucking in the blood, the mosquito injects its saliva.
Interesting: Instinct in insects
It contains special substances - coagulants, which slow down blood clotting. The female immerses her proboscis quite deeply - up to the blood capillaries. Through it, it absorbs blood, from which it receives valuable substances.
The process of absorption of food by a mosquito takes no more than a minute. After this short time, the previously barely noticeable body of the insect becomes larger. The walls of the abdomen stretch and you can even see blood through them.
Photo of a mosquito under magnification
Interesting fact : mosquitoes rarely travel long distances. During their entire life cycle, they are usually found within an area of one kilometer.
How does a mosquito's body work?
A mosquito is an insect with a thin body, up to 15 mm in length, narrow wings and claws. Color – brown, yellow or gray. The body consists of a head, thoracic region and abdomen of ten segments. It is difficult to say how much a mosquito weighs, since the weight of an insect mainly depends on the amount of food it eats.
However, on average, it is believed that a hungry mature mosquito weighs 1-2 mg, and a well-fed mosquito weighs 3-5 mg.
The thoracic region is the central organ of the insect and bears the head, abdomen, wings and three pairs of legs. The chest of mosquitoes is divided into three parts: mesothorax, prothorax and metathorax, which are developed very unevenly. The exoskeleton of the anterior chest is represented by 3 plates, due to which a rather long neck is formed.
The mesothorax is the most developed part of the thoracic region, but like the prothorax, it consists of three plates. It is to the middle part of the chest that the anterior thoracic spiracle is attached. The metathorax can be observed under a microscope on the sides of the thoracic region.
Head
The heads of these insects are characterized by characteristics unique to their family. Firstly, the fifteen-segmented antennae, and secondly, the structure of the feeding organs.
The mosquito's oral apparatus is represented by the lower and upper lips and 2 pairs of jaws. The lips are elongated and form a groove, inside which there are long needles formed by underdeveloped jaws.
Between the inner surface of the groove and the tube, piercing stylets are placed, arising from the upper, lower jaws and tongue. The cavity of the tongue serves to conduct saliva.
Many people are interested in whether mosquitoes have teeth. There are, and moreover, they play a major role in puncturing the victim’s skin.
The lower jaws, alternately working, clinging to the tissue with their teeth, help deepen the antennae into the skin and facilitate the entry of all other piercing bristles. Mosquitoes have very small teeth, but the number can reach even 50 pieces. In females the proboscis is long and consists of piercing bristles; in males there are no bristles.
Only female mosquitoes feed on blood; for males, the main food is nectar. Females search for “donors”, relying on high sensitivity to temperature, the smell of lactic acid and carbon dioxide. Moreover, they are able to capture the acid reserve released with sweat at a distance of up to fifty meters, body heat - up to thirty meters, and carbon dioxide - up to fifteen meters. During a bite, anticoagulants (prevent blood clotting) and anesthetics are injected into the blood of an animal or person.
Description of the immature individual
The life cycle of a mosquito includes several stages - egg, larva, pupa, adult. At the larval stage, the appearance is significantly different, as is the habitat.
The female lays eggs in a body of standing water or damp soil. Within a few hours the larva appears. Body size does not exceed 2 mm. Outwardly it looks like a gray worm. The entire development cycle is 8-30 days. Directly depends on temperature conditions. During this time, 4 moults occur, after each immature mosquito increases in size to 10 mm.
An immature mosquito consists of a head, chest, and abdomen. However, visually it is a single whole. The surface is covered with small fibers. Breathing is cutaneous-gill, so periodically the larva dives under water to a depth of 1 m. It feeds on protozoa and passes through itself up to 1 liter of water per day. The inside is primitive, no brains, no heart.
On the head there are 2 simple eyes and complex, small antennae. Vision is poorly developed. The mouthparts do not have a spiny combination; they simply swallow food. The abdomen consists of 8 segments and looks like a tail.
The development of the larva ends with pupation. The extremely mobile pupa has the shape of a comma and lives in the water column. Complex processes take place inside, and after a few days the shell breaks. Initially, the head, chest, abdomen, then limbs are shown. This is how an adult mosquito appears.
Interesting!
Males are always born first. They gather in the grass along the pond, waiting for females. For some time, the young generation of both sexes feeds on nectar and leads a carefree lifestyle. After mating, females turn into bloodthirsty individuals. They need protein for the formation of eggs and the reproduction of a healthy generation.
From the eggs laid by the female on the surface of the water, larvae hatch, which intensively feed and grow before pupation.
After leaving the egg and before the stage of maturation, the larva increases in volume by more than five hundred times, and in length by more than eight times.
Increased growth leads to the fact that the larvae undergo periodic molting, that is, they shed their old outer covers and form new, larger ones. During maturation, the larva goes through four larval instars.
Only hatched larvae are about 1 mm in length, after the fourth molt - 8-10 mm. In addition to an increase in size, at each stage there is a complication of the internal organization. After the completion of the fourth stage, the pupa appears.
At this stage, some internal organs are rebuilt, which leads to the formation of adult mosquito organs. The completion of the development of an adult mosquito occurs with the release of the insect from the pupal skin.
Structure of the larva
The larvae of different species emerging from eggs differ from each other in head shape. Those that feed from the surface of reservoirs have elongated and narrow heads. When feeding on plankton or bottom sediments, the larval head will be more developed in width than in length. Carnivores have a special head structure, different from the previous two.
The larvae have eyes on the sides of their heads. The mouth, depending on the type of nutrition, can be scraping or suction type. In predatory species, the mouthparts are adapted for catching and chewing prey. The chest plates are fused together. The abdomen consists of 9 segments.
The digestive tract of the larvae is almost a straight tube. Digestion of food occurs in the middle intestine. The digestive tract is supplemented by a pair of salivary glands and intestinal appendages.
Doll
The developed larva moves to the next stage: pupation. The pupa is lighter than water due to the large number of air chambers. At this time, almost fully formed small mosquitoes are at greatest risk, as they represent helpless food for fish.
The adult insect that hatches from the pupa dries up and sets off to look for a mate for reproduction.
Mosquito breeding
The life cycle of a mosquito consists of four stages of development:
First, the males fly out into the light, having gathered in a swarm, they wait for females to mate. After mating, the fertilized female goes in search of blood, which she needs to lay her eggs.
The role of mosquitoes in nature
The only benefit mosquitoes bring to this world is their participation in the food chain. They are food for many animals, which is very important. Unenviable fate. And at least some consolation for their numerous bites and annoying squeaks at night.
If we talk about the relationship between humans and mosquitoes, then we can unequivocally say that insects cause enormous harm. Their bites not only cause severe itching, but can also transmit various infectious diseases. The most famous of these is malaria, but it is far from the only threat to human health. Therefore, it is better to avoid parasite bites, and there are many ways to protect yourself from mosquitoes.
Sources
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- https://FB.ru/article/312941/komar-piskun-opisanie-i-foto
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